Investigating the Interlingual Errors in Students’ Essay: The Case of Error Classification

The purpose of the present study was to identify the most frequently observed interlingual errors in the corpus under the study and the possible relationship between the gender and the type of interlingual errors. The results of this study revealed that the most frequently observed interlingual errors in the corpus under the study are spelling, word order, and punctuation errors and there is significant relationship between the gender and the type of interlingual errors (L1 interference and spelling, word order, and punctuation errors) on the basis of the obtained results for EFL learners. Accordingly based on the results it can be concluded that there is a relationship between interlingual errors and gender since the findings revealed that first, female participants make more spelling, word order, and punctuation errors (65%) by overlooking the writing system rules in the target language compared to the male participants (35%). Second, the results of the study confirm that female participants make more literal translation errors (55%) by translating his first language sentence or idiomatic expression in to the target language word by word compared to the male participants (45%)

Estimating Pragmatic Competence of EFL Learners' Listening Comprehension via Gricean Cooperative Principles

Understanding the pragmatic meanings of the utterances in exchanges is a serious challenge among English language learners. This study aimed to estimate the pragmatic competence of EFL learners’ listening comprehension concerned with cooperative principles (CPs) of TOEFL candidates taking the listening modules. The maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner helped test takers uncover the indirect or figurative meanings of the speakers' intended meaning of utterances. The design of the study was exploratory-quantitative and interpretative. The participants were 150 high and low achievers of MA students majoring in TEFL. The research instrument was a 50-item listening test that was randomly selected from the Educational Testing Service (ETS). The participants took the listening test in the fall semester of 2022. Data from the listening test were collected and analyzed via t-test and ANOVA. Findings showed understanding CPs was effective in the learners’ listening performance. Furthermore, results indicated high and low achievers' recognition of quantity and manner principles was significantly different. However, there was no such difference in learners’ comprehension regarding the maxims of quality and relevance. Implications of the study suggest that EFL learners must focus more on the pragmatic meanings of quantity and manner rather than quality and relevance maxims

Using hypermedia annotations to teach vocabulary on the Web

This project measured the effect of using hypermedia annotations on short and long-term vocabulary retention in teaching vocabulary through Web-based language learning activities. A total of 62 university students were randomly assigned into two homogeneous groups; and then both groups were given a pretest. Both groups covered 12 expository passages selected by the researchers from the BBC website. The subjects had to sit for an immediate quiz to measure the short-term effect of the treatment and finally, at the end of the course and a twoweek interval, subjects sat for their post-test. Findings revealed that there was a significant effect of the hypermedia annotations on the retention of vocabulary in the short term ( p<0.05). However, the post-test results indicated that the effect of the treatment in the long term faded away, and the significance of the means was not sufficiently high to reject the null hypothesis

The analysis of declarative speech acts based on Searle's classification in verses related to the Islam prophet's (PBUH) wars

The Holy Qur'an has encoded the meaning of verse 89 in "Surah Nahl", "Tibiana Sacrifice as “Expressing all entities." This Divine Word is known with dozens of names among Muslims. One of these distinctive Persian names indicates the distinction between the right and false declarations and expresses all the judicial, religious, personal and social laws. Sometimes, the Landlord pronounced sentences such as inheritance, limit, defense, war, divine tax, khums, marriage, etc. Researchers of every field have an interest in diving in this immensely immutable ocean of natural science. Many Qur'an scholars have conducted on these kinds of interdisciplinary studied. In this research, the authors have introduced the theory of the Searles' (1969) five types (proclaimed speech acts) in Surahs and the verses related to the holy prophet's (PBUH) wars. The required data were collected through using a library method. Various sources, including the history of Islam, the history of the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), the head of the Imam, and the translations and interpretations of the Holy Qur'an were appealed for more exploration. The collected data analyzed descriptively. The results of the study indicate that the application of different declarations with different frequencies was used for direct and indirect proposals on the war laws in the Holy Qur'an. Keywords: civic surahs, speech act theory, declarative, Ghazvat, jihad for defens

Effects of Input Enhancement Cues on EFL Learners' Intake of English Grammar: The Case of Connectors

The present study investigated the effect of two types of attention drawing techniques (i.e., choice and underlining) on the learners' intake of English connectors. The design of the study was a quasi-experimental research. Participants took a homogeneity test and were assigned to two experimental and a control group in Kalam Language Institute of Shoush. Then, sixtynine learners were divided into three groups. The two experimental groups used attention drawing techniques to choose or underline the correct connectors in the texts. The control group, however, was simply exposed to read the text and exercise the drills of grammar in their text. Results indicated that both attention drawing techniques had a significant effect on the intake of the targeted forms of connectors. Implications of the study for practical teaching suggest that the attention drawing techniques can enhance learning connectors and they may be effective in teaching grammar to the pre- intermediate learners

The Effect of Sentence Order Techniques on Learning Adverbs among Pre-intermediate Students

This study investigated the effects of using sentence order techniques on learning adverbs (i.e., frequency, manner, time, and place) among Iranian pre-intermediate students. To perform this study, 30 pre-intermediate participants were non-randomly selected and divided into two equal groups of control and experimental. Then, they took a teacher-made pretest of grammar in order to determine how well they knew the adverbs of frequency, manner, time, and place before the treatment. The experimental group was taught the grammatical patterns of sentence order techniques like the use of form and functions of adverbs and their positions in the sentences. The control group received the traditional method of teaching adverbs including exercising of grammar, pattern practice, etc. Finally, the participants took the posttest. Independent and paired samples t-tests were used to compare the means of the pretest and the posttest in both groups. The findings revealed that the experimental group significantly improved in the posttest. Implications of the study suggest that using new technology, especially sentence order techniques, may enhance learners' learning regarding adverbs at the pre-intermediate level